Primed to Vanquish "The Whore of Babylon"

"I've come upon something that disturbs me deeply. We have fought hard and long for integration, as I believe we should have, and I know that we will win. But I've come to believe we're integrating into a burning house." 

– Martin Luther King, Jr.

How is the current conflict in the Middle East countries ("the war on terror") not a reprise of the Crusades? Is it Christian dogma motivating these anarchistic sociopaths and psychopaths who are playing with our lives daily on the world stage? It's being sold and may look plausible, except it is a complete lie. The Middle East conflict is not "a clash of civilizations" of Christians vs. Muslims, although there is a lot of manipulation, disinformation and lies driving the narrative that it is.

Not all Muslims are in the cross-hairs of the warmongers and reactionaries. The authoritarian regimes of Saudi's, Qatar and UAE are literally in bed with the West. According to the confessions of Kay Griggs, a battered military wife, the people running this country and trying to control and manipulate world events are "German existentialist [philosophy: not people or nation]." Check out the interview with Kay Griggs (who she is at 3:14:08 of this 7 hour interview) on YouTube. Highly illuminating (!). 

Let's set aside this reality and concentrate on what the world is supposed to see in events that have led us to this place where Fox TV's Jeanine Pirro made this inflammatory statement: "Number one: Get a gun. Buy one legally. Learn how to shoot. And be primed to use it.” This after the mass shooting in San Bernardino, Ca, where 14 people were killed and 21 injured. 

A mass killing is defined as the killing of 4 or more people at a time. This year, the United States has had 351 of those mass killings so far. Naturally, the vast majority of the killings were by non-Muslims. This white man goes berserk syndrome is well noted (quote: The 33-year-old has a history of violence, but "nothing like this," says Sheriff Greg Taylor.) . Although, to deflect away from this fact, many racists will point to Chicago as being a place of Black on Black violence. This is turning out to be a straw man, which doesn't hold up under close examination, given the rampant criminality and corruption of the Chicago police. In fact, many in the Black community are questioning whether it might be the Chicago police involved in these weekend murders, which often go unsolved. The FBI has announced that they will be investigating the Chicago police. The scandalous and criminal deeds of Alabama police recently came to light thanks to colleagues speaking up. Thousands of Black men were set-up using drugs and guns. Some of the Black men have been unjustly jailed for decades.

US Navy 030529-N-5362A-001 A U.S. Marine Corps Humvee vehicle drives down a road at the foot of Saddam Hussein's former Summer palace with ruins of ancient Babylon in the background.
photo credit: wikipedia

In their public statements, the government of the United States has indicated that WMDs, oil and the less probable "freedom" were their motivation for invading Iraq. The Iraq War in Quotes /

We all know now (some of us knew then!) that these were all lies and disinformation to get us into a war. That's clear. What's less clear is why the Bush cabal were not indicted for war crimes. Dick Cheney is sought out for his opinion of Donald Trump wanting to bar Muslims from entering the U.S. No surprise, Fox found a "Muslim leader" who supports a ban. That's not going to happen. Trump knows it and the Republicans know it. It's great theater, though. It might just get Hillary Clinton elected (that's just the obvious political strategy: look he's insane. Now Billary's looking like the sane anti-"The Donald" presidential candidate).

Firstly, the theory is highly implausible. This is not a religious conflict, given the obvious perks (if you're a greedy psychopath) of control of oil revenue, kickbacks, genocide (depopulation is always on the white supremacist system's agenda) and war profits.

Christians belonging to secret societies [Skull & Bones, Illuminati, Masons... ] and other cultish government insider groups, plan and execute the invasion of the former site of a key ancient city depicted in their bible as being the site of “the whore of Babylon” and lay waste to it. Does it have any connection to their religious beliefs? Ancient grudges, fulfillment of prophecies... a bet (huh?*)? What the heck is going on here?

Some Background: Did the ancient city of Babylon exist, and if so, in what country would it be today? The answer — the ruins of Babylon are in modern-day Iraq:
'Its extensive ruins on the Euphrates River about 55 miles (88 kilometres) south of Baghdad lie near the modern town of al- Hillah, Iraq.'

We can't get a straight answer from George W. Bush (you know, he is on drugs), but he did say this back in 2001:

"... this crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take awhile." He and other US officials have said that renegade (CIA operative!) Islamic fundamentalist Osama bin Laden is the most likely suspect in the attacks."
--- Europe cringes at Bush 'crusade' against terrorists |  By Peter Ford, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor September 19, 2001

How did the Bush administration know by 9/13/2001 who was behind 9/11, given the FBI admission that they have no hard evidence on OBL? If OBL didn't do it, who are the evildoers behind 9/11?

The above article is a must read. Planting the seeds of disinformation? This gem:

"...We have to avoid a clash of civilizations at all costs," French foreign minister Hubert Vedrine said on Sunday. "One has to avoid falling into this huge trap, this monstrous trap" which he said had been "conceived by the instigators of the assault." 

This excerpt from an article about Babylon speaks to the reputation of the place in ancient times.

"... Having laid waste to fortress city after city and enslaving untold thousands in their path, the Assyrians were as much hated as feared, their self-styled kings of kings often celebrating their heavy-bearded macho with cruelty to their humiliated captives, like brutal Ashur-Nasirpal II (ruling 883-859 BCE) boasting of “cutting off lips, noses, ears of rebels” and elsewhere of putting out the eyes of royal children in front of their parents and dragging the kings and queens away with bronze hooks in their tongues. 

The little book of Nahum in the Hebrew Minor Prophets sings a false lament with relief about Nineveh’s fall: “Woe to the city of blood, full of plunder, never without victims, the crack of whips, piles of dead… Nineveh in ruins, who will mourn for her?”

Perhaps the modern day "king of kings" should take heed to what happened to Babylon and why it fell:

"... the upstart Babylonian leader Nabopolassar laid siege to Nineveh in 612 BCE when Assyrian power was waning, when the plundering had stopped and there was nothing left to fill their coffers. Perhaps an economy based on vassalage tribute, plunder and loot had been artificially engorged and was collapsing on itself."

A hilltop view of the ancient city of Babylon, where King Nebuchadnezzar II, whose life spanned 630-562 B.C., built his hanging gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the [Ancient] World.

Maps of the Middle East, then and now

Map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1135, showing crusader-held and neighboring territories / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades

Map of present day Eastern Mediterranean

Background

Crusades
The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. In 1095 Byzantine Emperor Alexios I, in Constantinople, sent an ambassador to Pope Urban II in Italy pleading for military help against the growing Turkish threat. The Pope responded promptly by calling Catholic soldiers to join the First Crusade. The immediate goal was to guarantee pilgrims access to the holy sites in the Holy Land under Muslim control. His long-range goal was to reunite the Eastern and Western branches of Christendom after their split in 1054 with the pope as head of the united Church. A complex 200-year struggle ensued. -- wikipedia

The walls of Babylon
Babylon (Akkadian: Bābili or Babilim; Arabic: بابل‎, Bābil) was a significant city in ancient Mesopotamia, in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. [-wiki]

Famed for its gardens and ziggurats, the ancient city of Babylon is now little but dust in the Iraqi desert. Babylon was perhaps the first big city in the world, dating to the third millennium BC. It stood by the Euphrates River on an important trade route. Various dynasties ruled the city-state as it grew to govern much of ancient Mesopotamia. The city was destroyed in 689 BC and rebuilt to achieve its greatest size glory under the ruler Nebuchadnezzar II, who reigned from 605 to 538 BC. He is credited with building the hanging gardens, named by contemporaries as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. In 330 BC, Alexander the Great captured Babylon, planning to make it the capital of his empire. But he died soon after taking the city, and his successors built a new capital called Seleucia on the Tigris River. Most of Babylon's population moved to Seleucia, and Babylon withered and practically disappeared by the seventh century AD. Babylon's ruins are near the modern city of Al Hillah and about 55 miles south of Iraq's capital of Baghdad. Much of the ancient site has been looted, and only fragments of some building foundations remain.

Between 1982 and 1989, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein ordered Babylon's walls rebuilt in the fashion of Nebuchadnezzar II. Hussein also built one of his own grand palaces near the site. Today, the baked-mud bricks are about all that's left of Babylon's ancient grandeur.

It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 to 1670 BC, and again between c. 612 and 320 BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000.[2] Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890[3] to 900 hectares (2,200 acres).[4] The remains of the city are in present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (53 mi) south of Baghdad, comprising a large tell of broken mud-brick buildings and debris.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question28690.html


Military shadow government, conspiracies, sexual perversions, homosexuality, bi-sexuality, cross-dressing, blackmail, secret societies, assassinations, intrigue, war, games ... fun times. It's dark in their heads and in that coffin or dead zone where their hearts are supposed to be, really, really bad things are happening or being planned. However, this worldwide global plot is not, repeat not a crusade. What's on the agenda is more gross, revolting, criminal and evil than one could have ever imagined.

The Best Laid Plans of Mice & Men Go Boom

The rapture is near and you'd better get your affairs in order is the message in this video. But is there a "master plan", which can explain this inevitable downfall of the world's most powerful nation?

It's right there in front of your untrained eyes in the religious symbolism of Ancient Egypt, the architectural plans of Washington, DC and Astana, Kazakhstan.

The best laid plans of mice and men often go astray

--Robert Burns

TheGroxt1 guides us through a labyrinth of symbolic themes from Egypt, the Bible, and Free Masonry to prepare us for the apocalypse.



Astana, Kazakhstan - Astana is a planned city such as Canberra in Australia, Washington, DC and Brasilia, in Brazil. It became the new capital city of Kazakhstan in 1998. It is said to be the "occult" vision of one man, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan. It is the first capital built in the 21st century. The master plan of Astana was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. It has some features that are said to be of Masonic structure, which embraces Egyptian symbolism. Egyptian architecture very often depicts symbols of one of the most ancient religions known to man, Sun Worship.

Interesting tidbit: before becoming the planned city of Astana, in 1992, the city had been renamed Akmola (Kazakh: Ақмола), meaning "a white grave".

The Worship of Aten Akhenaton, (aka, "The Heretic Pharaoh") is one of ancient Egypt's most controversial Pharaohs. Like no other Pharaoh before him, he abandoned the traditional Egyptian polytheism and started worship centered on Aten, God of the solar disc. The Heretic King is believed to be the first person to promote a monotheistic religion, the belief in only one god. He claimed, There is only one god, my father. I can approach him by day, by night. The king wrote about being visited by beings that came from the sky, and the ancient Egyptians worshipped him as a god, believing he was a direct descendent of Aten. This was known as Atenism. It has been suggested that Akhenaton was actually the founder of the Judeo-Christian religion. Sigmund Freud argued that Moses was an Atenist priest who had been forced to leave Egypt with his followers after the Heretic King's death. Freud believed that Moses achieved the monotheism that Akhenaton sought to promote.

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The New World Order folks may have a hand in the building and plans for Kazakhstan's new "futuristic" capital?

Jonathan Aitken, a British Conservative Party leader and disgraced (he plead guilty to perjury and perverting the course of justice) politician, who is currently the honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) is featured in the CNN cited story below as a biographer and one of "Nazarbayev's strongest supporters."

Interestingly, it emerged in 1995 when Aitken was being investigated for his dealings with leading Saudis that he was chairman of a secretive right wing think-tank called Le Cercle, alleged by Alan Clark (deceased British Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) -- died of a brain tumor) to be funded by the CIA.

ARTICLE:
Astana: The world's weirdest capital city
By Daisy Carrington, for CNN
Updated 2:30 PM ET, Fri July 13, 2012
http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/13/world/asia/eye-on-kazakhstan-astana/index.html

In 1997 Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev moved the capital from Almaty in the southeast of the country to the newly-named Astana (previously it was called Akmola), which was then an empty patch of land by the Ishim River best known as a former gulag prison camp for the wives of Soviet traitors."

"... The city's futuristic design shows Kazakhstan's ambition and desire to distance itself from the Soviet legacy that has marred many of the surrounding Central Asian nations.

"Architecture always represents the development of the state, of technology and of culture," notes Rustambekov. "As Astana is positioning itself as the center of Eurasia, a place where East meets West, a mixture of styles is quite appropriate."

According to this self-styled¹ Christian watch group, the multinational organization Christian Solidarity Worldwide's membership includes "ideological forces", such as the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Here is their Board of Directors (BOD) and membership roster,  and Masonic/Illuminati people.

"... The purpose of this series is to examine the counter movement that is mobilizing thousands of Christian churches to political activism against global persecution. Is the religious persecution movement a Christian movement? Has the information disseminated to Christians been accurate? Who are the principal figures involved in leading this movement? Are they true Christians? Are they advocating Scriptural principles? If this is not a Christian movement, then whose agenda is being advanced?

Our research has discovered that modern Christians are being manipulated by ideological forces that are diametrically opposed to the faith of Jesus Christ. The Church has been infiltrated by change agents who have been trained to use the worthy ideals of Christianity to advance a larger agenda. Financed by wealthy foundations, these individuals have multiplied programs ostensibly dedicated to missions, prayer, revival, Bible study, Christian education, restoring marriage and the family, rescuing the unborn - and now Christian martyrs.

Because true Christians love righteousness and hate evil, they tend to join these movements without asking questions. The purpose of Watch Unto Prayer is to research these programs and movements and to present information that enables Christians to make informed judgments about them.

... In 1997, Christianity Today carried a story: "Through bombs and bullets: Baroness Caroline Cox offers aid and advocacy to persecuted Christians." This heroine of the persecuted church is acclaimed by CT to have written a book, The Rape of Reason, The Corruption of the Polytechnic of North London "in which she upbraids the 'physiognomy of hatred' propagated by hardline Marxist/Leninist esprit breeding at the school."

We discovered that the co-authors of this book with Caroline Cox were Keith Jacka and John Marks. Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake, now the Governor General and Prime Minister of New Zealand, is found on the list of Famous Freemasons."

Read more at: http://watch.pair.com/CSW.html


¹  "The purpose of Watch Unto Prayer is to research these programs and movements and to present information that enables Christians to make informed judgments about them."

---------------------------
Sources:
http://centreright.in/2013/10/of-mahishasura-and-jnu-hate-mongers/#.Vdyd_nuM9E4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_Worldwide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken#Libel.2C_arrest_and_prison
http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/13/world/asia/eye-on-kazakhstan-astana/index.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv64nB40CKg
http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/akhenaten.html
http://watch.pair.com/CSW.html
http://www.merlin.net.nz/masonic/Famous-2520masons.htm

Playing God with Haiti’s freshwater ecosystems

Originally Posted @ Strange Attractions: April 20, 2011 @ 10:52:26 PM UTC | Reposted with the permission of the Author: un.chemyst

In September of 2010, thousands of live fish of the species Gambusia holbrooki^* were transported by air from a rural fish farm in the Mississippi Delta region of the southern United States to one on the outskirts of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where they are to be raised in tanks and released into freshwater ecosystems all over the country. These fish, one of two Gambusia species commonly known as “mosquitofish” in English, are native to the southeastern United States, and no sightings of the fish have previously been reported in freshwater ecosystems in Haiti or elsewhere on the island of Hispaniola. The reason given for this mass introduction is to aide in malaria eradication efforts in Haiti: malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, mosquitoes lay their eggs on the surface of standing bodies of freshwater, and the omnivorous mosquitofish, in addition to any other food source available, will certainly eat mosquito eggs and larvae as their name suggests. Intentional introductions of these fish as a biological method of mosquito control have been carried out all over the world since 1905, with many introductions resulting in long-term establishment of mosquitofish populations outside of their native range [1].

Successful invasions of alien species in island ecosystems often have severe ecological and socioeconomic impacts [2], and mosquitofish meet two important criteria which suggest that a successful invasion would likely result from their introduction into an area [3]: they can survive under a large range of environmental conditions, especially temperature [4] and salinity [5], allowing them to successfully establish populations wherever they are introduced, and they are highly mobile [6], allowing established populations to spread rapidly. Also, mosquitofish have a history of successful, and ecologically disruptive, invasions outside their native range. They often populate the ecosystems they invade at high densities, and since zooplankton constitute the overwhelming majority of their diet, their presence often results in elevated phytoplankton levels, and even algal blooms [7]. They attack native fish in the ecosystems they invade, compete with them for food, and eat their minnows [8] [9]. Amphibian species, some of which are also important mosquito predators [10], have been shown to be particularly threatened by mosquitofish introductions [11] [12] [13], as moquitofish eat their eggs and tadpoles. There are at least three related Gambusia species endemic to Hispaniola, and it appears that the proponents of this project have completely overlooked these fish both as a potential native species for use in biological mosquito control and also as species that would be potentially impacted by a mosquitofish invasion. Competition and hybridization with invading mosquitofish have threatened multiple rare species of Gambusia endemic to the southwestern United States, and the invasion of mosquitofish almost certainly contributed to the recent extinction of G. amistadensis in Texas [14] [15].

This, of course, is not to downplay the reality of the long history of human suffering caused by malaria in Hispaniola, a history that goes back to the first arrival of Europeans on the island in 1492. Malaria likely played a role in the decline and eventual extermination of the Taíno people who were living on the island when the first Europeans arrived, although probably not as significant of a role as smallpox or the cruel policy of genocide and forced assimilation practiced by the European conquerers. Malaria subsequently spread to much of the rest of the Americas, although contemporary Hispaniola is the only island left in the Caribbean where malaria has yet to be eradicated, with much of the effective disease reservoir being localized to the rural lowlands of Haiti [16]. In 2009, evidence for malaria resistance to chloroquine, an important drug for the treatment and prevention of malaria, was first reported on the island [17], and in 2010, a massive earthquake displaced over a million people, increasing their susceptibility to the disease [18]. Both events make the need for a campaign towards comprehensive malaria eradication even more timely [16].

The most essential tool for malaria eradication, however, would be the ability to effectively diagnose and treat malaria across the entire island, with the large scale distribution of mosquito netting to prevent transmission of the disease also being of prime importance [16]. Control of mosquito populations would certainly help these efforts, but the effectiveness of fish introductions is more or less limited to eliminating mosquitoes from fishless ponds. Tree holes, coconut shells, discarded tires, and peridomestic containers are also important breeding grounds for mosquitoes in rural tropical areas [19] [20] [21], making fish introductions only effective when integrated with environmental management, other biological methods, and possibly even chemical methods [22]. And fortunately, there are countless species of omnivorous freshwater fish around the world which will also consume mosquito larvae when they are available as a food source and which have just as much potential as do mosquitofish for biological mosquito control within their native range [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29], making mosquitofish introductions completely unnecessary. There is, of course, one thing that all of these tools for successful malaria eradication all have in common: they all require a significant and prolonged engagement with and investment in rural communities across Haiti.

The potentially severe consequences of this attempt at using mosquitofish to control malaria in Haiti and the rather naive assumptions immanent in its rationale make it a rather curious project. The organization behind it is Operation Blessing International (OBI), a non-profit organization with an explicitly Christian mission and an annual revenue in excess of $400,000,000 founded by wealthy televangelist Pat Robertson in 1978. But there is an additional level of irony in that, even assuming that the intentions at all levels of the organization are genuine, OBI is, by engaging in such deliberate ecosystem engineering, effectively disregarding two important convictions that are nearly universal in Christian theology: that the Earth is God’s creation, and that God’s judgment should not be questioned. In the biblical creation narrative, the reason that Adam, the first man, is placed in God’s creation at all is merely “to tend and watch over it” (Gn 2:15), and Adam is never called upon to improve upon it as he sees fit, or to move things around. Adam’s descendants, at various points in the Old Testament, question God’s judgment and will. “Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?” (Jb 38:4) is what God says to Job after one such incident. The Book of Ecclesiastes, echoing its persistent theme of human vanity, asks in reference to the work of God “who can make straight what He has made crooked?” (Ec 7:13).

Pat Robertson has been well known for his large investments in mineral extraction interests in the countries where OBI operates, his use of OBI resources for his personal business ventures, and his close ties to right-wing dictators who violently expropriate land from and enforce crippling economic policies on the people they rule [30]. But whatever the organization’s larger plans for Haiti may be, the project to introduce mosquitofish to the country appears to be nothing more than a gimmick: a mythical “silver bullet” born in the heart of the rural U.S. South and about to be used against an exotic foe for once and for all, which when stripped of the reality of its certain ineffectiveness and its potentially severe consequences, is sure to win over the hearts of North American donors. The long-term consequences of this project for Haiti’s freshwater ecosystems are completely irrelevant to the project’s viability anyways, as it is not the people who live in Haiti and depend on its freshwater ecosystems for their livelihoods who control the means in which their collective suffering is exploited as the Christian tradition of charity is commodified. Equally irrelevant are the theological contradictions inherent in the project, as the project is not in any way an act of Christian charity, but a gimmick which is being sold to charitable Christians. Like the introduction of malaria itself to Hispaniola, the brutal extermination of the people who inhabited the island at the time, the clearing of the island’s forests for plantation agriculture, the damming of its rivers, and the reckless extraction of its mineral resources, the introduction of mosquitofish to Haiti amounts to simply another permanent alteration of Hispaniola’s landscape and ecology for short-term private profit, this time in the name of the empire of Pat Robertson.

Photo Credit: Paparazzo Presents

References

1. L.A. Krumholz, "Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird & Girard), and Its Use in Mosquito Control", Ecological Monographs, vol. 18, 1948, pp. 1-. DOI.
2. J.K. REASER, L.A. MEYERSON, Q. CRONK, M. DE POORTER, L. ELDREGE, E. GREEN, M. KAIRO, P. LATASI, R.N. MACK, J. MAUREMOOTOO, D. O'DOWD, W. ORAPA, S. SASTROUTOMO, A. SAUNDERS, C. SHINE, S. THRAINSSON, and L. VAIUTU, "Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of invasive alien species in island ecosystems", Environmental Conservation, vol. 34, 2007, pp. 98-. DOI.
3. C.S. Kolar, "Ecological Predictions and Risk Assessment for Alien Fishes in North America", Science, vol. 298, pp. 1233-1236. DOI.
4. R.G. Otto, "Temperature tolerance of the mosquitofish, Gambmia affinis (Baird and Girard)", Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 5, 1973, pp. 575-585. DOI.
5. J. Chervinski, "Salinity tolerance of the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard)", Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 22, 1983, pp. 9-11. DOI.
6. J.S. Rehage, and A. Sih, "Dispersal Behavior, Boldness, and the Link to Invasiveness: A Comparison of Four Gambusia Species", Biological Invasions, vol. 6, 2004, pp. 379-391. DOI.
7. S.H. Hurlbert, and M.S. Mulla, "Impacts of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation on plankton communities", Hydrobiologia, vol. 83, 1981, pp. 125-151. DOI.
8. N. Caiola, and A. Sostoa, "Possible reasons for the decline of two native toothcarps in the Iberian Peninsula: evidence of competition with the introduced Eastern mosquitofish", Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol. 21, 2005, pp. 358-363. DOI.
9. D.K. Rowe, J.P. Smith, and C. Baker, "Agonistic interactions between Gambusia affinis and Galaxias maculatus: implications for whitebait fisheries in New Zealand rivers", Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol. 23, 2007, pp. 668-674. DOI.
10. S.E. DuRant, and W.A. Hopkins, "Amphibian predation on larval mosquitoes", Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 86, 2008, pp. 1159-1164. DOI.
11. S. Komak, and M.R. Crossland, , Wildlife Research, vol. 27, pp. 185-. DOI.
12. H. A., L. S., and M. M., "The role of introduced mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ) in excluding the native green and golden bell frog ( Litoria aurea ) from original habitats in south-eastern Australia", Oecologia, vol. 132, 2002, pp. 445-452. DOI.
13. S.C. Gamradt, and L.B. Kats, "Effect of Introduced Crayfish and Mosquitofish on California Newts", Conservation Biology, vol. 10, 1996, pp. 1155-1162. DOI.
14. G. Huxel, "Rapid displacement of native species by invasive species: effects of hybridization", Biological Conservation, vol. 89, pp. 143-152. DOI.
15. K.T. Scribner, K.S. Page, and M.L. Bartron, , Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, vol. 10, pp. 293-323. DOI.
16. J. Keating, D.J. Krogstad, and T.P. Eisele, "Malaria elimination on Hispaniola", The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 10, 2010, pp. 291-293. DOI.
17. B.L. Londono, "Chloroquine-Resistant Haplotype Plasmodium falciparum Parasites, Haiti", Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 15, 2009, pp. 735-740. DOI.
18. P. Adams, "Rainy season could hamper Haiti's recovery", The Lancet, vol. 375, 2010, pp. 1067-1069. DOI.
19. S.M. Kulkarni, and P.S. Naik, "Breeding habitats of mosquitoes in Goa.", Indian journal of malariology, vol. 26.
20. J.C. Anosike, B.E.B. Nwoke, A.N. Okere, E.E. Oku, J.E. Asor, I.O. Emmy-Egbe, and D.A. Adimike, "Epidemiology of tree-hole breeding mosquitoes in the tropical rainforest of Imo State, south-east Nigeria.", Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, vol. 14.
21. D.A. Yee, "Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within the eastern United States.", Journal of medical entomology, vol. 45.
22. L.A. Lacey, and B.K. Orr, "The role of biological control of mosquitoes in integrated vector control.", The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, vol. 50.
23. S.M. Nelson, and L.C. Keenan, "Use of an indigenous fish species, Fundulus zebrinus, in a mosquito abatement program: a field comparison with the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis.", Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol. 8.
24. D.K. Lee, "Predation efficacy of the fish muddy loach, Misgurnus mizolepis, against Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in laboratory and small rice plots.", Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol. 16.
25. T.P. Hurst, M.D. Brown, and B.H. Kay, "Laboratory evaluation of the predation efficacy of native Australian fish on Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae).", Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol. 20.
26. A.R. Van Dam, and W.E. Walton, "Comparison of mosquito control provided by the arroyo chub (Gila orcutti) and the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).", Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol. 23.
27. P. Irwin, and S. Paskewitz, "Investigation of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) as a biological control agent of Culex mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.", Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol. 25.
28. V. Louca, M.C. Lucas, C. Green, S. Majambere, U. Fillinger, and S.W. Lindsay, "Role of fish as predators of mosquito larvae on the floodplain of the Gambia River.", Journal of medical entomology, vol. 46.
29. G. Chandra, I. Bhattacharjee, S.N. Chatterjee, and A. Ghosh, "Mosquito control by larvivorous fish.", The Indian journal of medical research, vol. 127.

^* UPDATE April 27,2011:
Operation Blessing International has said they did not import Gambusia Holbrooki Fish Into Haiti, they introduced Gambusia Affinis. In response, the author of this piece states:

The difference between G. holbrooki and G. affinis is minor. They are both known as "mosquitofish" in American English and though they are two separate species, they are often treated as one in the scientific literature because their biology is very similar. Some of literature that I cited, especially those by Australian scientists, actually deal with G. affinis, since that was the species introduced there (G. holbrooki was introduced in Europe, Asia, and Africa).

I'm not sure if I believe their claim that G. affinis already exists in Haiti, though. When I wrote the article, I searched pretty hard for any evidence that either species had been introduced to the island, but found none. If it was already there, why did they have to fly fish in from Mississippi? And why aren't they using native fish? Perhaps I could contact Dr. Abe personally to clarify this.

They claim that they are not going to release G. affinis into open water, which is good. This doesn't mean that G. affinis won't successfully invade freshwater ecosystems though, especially in the event of a flood.

So, although I will certainly edit my article to reflect their claim that it was G. affinis that they introduced, I certainly will not change my analysis. I'm working on drafting an open letter Bill Horan, which I will post on my website. I plan to address the fact that the press release seems to imply that they didn't just introduce a species of fish into Haiti, which they did. It also does not accept that what they are doing will have ecological consequences, which it will.

un.chemyst

An open letter to Bill Horan

Posted: April 27, 2011 @ 3:45:54 AM UTC | Author: un.chemyst